To be a mathematician, a person needs to get at least a bachelor's degree in mathematics. It is a good idea to go for a master's as well though. Also, to teach at a college, a person would need to get a PhD in mathematics on top of all the other degrees.
A person needs to take all the math classes he can in high school. Other related classes are almost as good (economics, computer science, etc.). He would need to major in mathematics.
Check out these sites for places to obtain the needed education:
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